Adequacy v2

A redistribution simulator for state education finance.

Pennsylvania's schools are underfunded by $4.5 billion. The state knows which districts need money and how much. What it does not have is a way to test redistribution strategies before they become legislation. Adequacy v2 is that tool.

The Problem

Unconstitutionally Inequitable

In February 2023, a Commonwealth Court judge ruled Pennsylvania's school funding system unconstitutionally inequitable. In response, the legislature created an adequacy formula identifying a $4.5 billion gap across 348 of the state's 500 school districts. Philadelphia City SD alone carries a $1.4 billion shortfall. Reading SD needs to more than double its current spending to reach adequacy. The legislature has been closing the gap at $500 million per year — a nine-year timeline. Districts cannot wait that long.

How Adequacy works

For the policymaker

Describe a Goal
A policymaker writes a redistribution goal in plain English. "Close the gap for the five most underfunded districts in Allegheny County." "Redistribute surplus from wealthy Montgomery County districts to Philadelphia." The platform accepts intent, not formulas.

The Architect Scaffolds
The first AI agent reads the goal, analyzes district-level data, recommends a redistribution mechanism, proposes a dollar magnitude, and explains its reasoning. It translates intent into a structured scenario.

The Arbiter Evaluates
The second AI agent reads the computed results and produces a four-paragraph policy verdict: what the scenario accomplishes, what it costs donors, which constituencies support or oppose it, and whether to proceed.

Scenarios Tested

Featured Scenarios

Scenario 1: Allegheny County — Targeted Gap Closure
Fully close the adequacy gap for the five most underfunded districts in Allegheny County. $97.7M in targeted funding. All five districts reach their adequacy target. Arbiter verdict: Recommend.

Scenario 2: Philadelphia — 10% Gap Closure
Close 10% of Philadelphia's $1.4 billion gap in a single fiscal year as a down payment on the William Penn ruling. $141.9M. No redistribution from suburban districts. Arbiter verdict: Recommend.

Scenario 3: Delaware County — Donor-Recipient Redistribution
Redistribute $15M in surplus funding from Radnor, Haverford, and Rose Tree Media to William Penn SD, Chester-Upland SD, and Southeast Delco SD. All transfers within the same county. Arbiter verdict: Recommend with modifications.

Scenario 4: Cross-County — Montgomery Surplus to Philadelphia
Transfer $60M from Lower Merion, North Penn, and Spring-Ford to Philadelphia City SD and Chester-Upland SD. The most politically charged scenario in the platform. Arbiter verdict: Recommend with modifications.

GrantRail

GrantRail Portfolio INtelligence for K-12 Philanthropy.

Observes who is giving, where the money flows, and what patterns exist in education grantmaking.

Adequacy v2

Redistribution simulation for state education finance.

Models what happens when public dollars shift between districts — who gains, who loses, and what the political consequences look like.

Infrastructure you can trust

Built to Port

The architecture — three tables, two agents, formula-driven impact computation — is state-agnostic. Pennsylvania was chosen first because the adequacy question is most urgent there. The platform ports to any state with a published adequacy target. Candidate second states include Tennessee, Illinois, and New Jersey.

I would love to connect if this work resonates with you or if you have any questions! Please fill out the form below and I will get back to you.

Built by christian houghton

Independent education policy researcher

Thank you